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The benefits of ICF construction include durability, strength, noise control, and energy efficiency. This type of housing is constructed in essentially the same manner as site-built housing, except that the houses are plant-built in finished modules and shipped to the job site for placement on conventional foundations. Modular housing is built to comply with the same building codes that govern site-built housing. Generally, modular housing accounts for less than 10 percent of the total production of single-family housing units.
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One example is the development of the metal plate-connected wood truss in the 1950s. Wood truss roof framing is now used in most new homes because it is generally more efficient than older stick-framing methods. Another example is plywood structural sheathing panels that entered the market in the 1950s and quickly replaced board sheathing on walls, floors, and roofs. Another engineered wood product known as oriented strand board is now substantially replacing plywood. Without a doubt, housing performance in major hurricanes provides ample evidence of problems that may be resolved through better design and construction practices.
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Therefore, it is essential that housing performance be understood objectively as a prerequisite to guiding rational design and construction decisions. Proper design that takes into account the wind and earthquake loads and the structural analysis procedures should result in efficient designs that address the performance issues discussed below. Regardless of the efforts made in design, however, the intended performance can be realized only with an adequate emphasis on installed quality.
Licensing & Certification InterNACHI® can help you get licensed in your state or province, and provides certification to help you stand out from the crowd. When possible, avoiding brittle interior and exterior wall finish systems in high-hazard seismic regions. Though not shown in Table 1.1, problems in the above-grade structure (i.e., framing defects) resulted in about 6 percent of the total claims reported. In terms of cost to correct, foundation wall problems were by far the most costly. Table 1.1 shows the top five performance problems typically found in warranty claims based on the frequency and cost of a claim. Objective information from a representative sample of the housing stock is not available to determine the magnitude and frequency of common performance problems.
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Therefore, greater emphasis must be placed on efficient structural design of housing. Conventional or prescriptive construction practices are based as much on experience as on technical analysis and theory. When incorporated into a building code, prescriptive (sometimes called "cookbook") construction requirements can be easily followed by a builder and inspected by a code official without the services of a design professional.
Nonetheless, both objective and subjective damage studies provide useful feedback to builders, designers, code officials, and others with an interest in housing performance. This section summarizes the findings from recent scientific studies of housing performance in hurricanes and earthquakes. Seasoned designers spend countless hours in careful study and application of building codes and selected standards that relate to their area of practice. More importantly, these designers develop a sound understanding of the technical rationale and intent behind various provisions in applicable building codes and design standards.
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About 60 percent of the homes were built during the 1950s and 1960s, with the rest constructed between the 1920s and early 1990s. All homes in the sample had wood exterior wall framing, and most did not use structural sheathing for wall bracing. Instead, wood let-in braces, Portland cement stucco, and interior wall finishes of plaster or gypsum wallboard provided lateral racking resistance. Most of the crawlspace foundations used full-height concrete or masonry stem walls, and not wood cripple walls that are known to be prone to damage when not properly braced. Given the magnitude of Hurricane Andrew, the structural (life-safety) performance of the predominantly masonry housing stock in south Florida was, with the prominent exception of roof sheathing attachment, entirely reasonable. Indeed, the simple use of wood structural panel sheathing on all wood-framed homes may have prevented many of the more dramatic failures.
While the frequency of structural-related defects is comparatively small, the number is still significant in view of the total number of homes built each year. Even if many of the defects may be considered non-consequential in nature, others may not be and some may go undetected for the life of the structure. Ultimately, the significance of these types of defects must be viewed from the perspective of known consequences relative to housing performance and risk.
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Therefore, a small percentage of all new residences may be expected to experience performance problems, most of which amount to minor defects that are easily detected and repaired. Other performance problems are unforeseen or undetected and may not be realized for several years, such as foundation problems related to subsurface soil conditions. Manufactured housing is also constructed by using wood-framed methods; however, the methods comply with federal preemptive standards specified in the Code of Federal Regulations . This popular form of industrialized housing is completely factory-assembled and then delivered to a site by using an integral chassis for road travel and foundation support. In recent years, factory-built housing has captured more than 20 percent of new housing starts in the United States.
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